Behavior in raids – leadership
Becoming a raid leader is not role one can just ‘take’, its a role that first requires you to conform. Just like the players will conform to their roles and their personality type the leader must first find his place in the group to be able to lead.
In a LFR the time needed to ‘hold’ a leading role is short, but for a guild raid group a leader will need time to be able to have the group work together as a team. The difference primarily based on the level of ‘facerolling’ (lack of complexity) that is possible in a LFR where mistakes are much easily ‘forgiven’ and the boss mechanics can be ‘ignored’ by some and have the raid still come out victorious. From the next level and onward such mistakes have much ‘deadlier’ consequences, and when you reach the Heroic level you also face additional mechanics that do not exist in the other levels and where there is no room for ‘mistakes’.
Even if the basic mechanics of an encounter is more or less the same for all, it becomes unique for each combination of players that take it on. And its up to the raid leader to ‘mold’ his team into a team that is ready and able to succeed. Overcoming these challenges is not just a combination of individual efforts, it is just as much how they are able to work as a team and counter any flaws or assist in enhancing positive abilities that each individual player might display during different challenges. Where each player must understand both the game mechanics for the encounter as well as those for their characters role, its the leaders role to puzzle all of this together on both a game and social level and bring the victory home.
So make sure you groom your aspiring leaders – they are a rare breed, and the good ones even more so. At the same time it seems that good leaders always bring with them a set of flaws. So the question becomes this; does the raids successes outweigh the flaws of the leader?
Behavior in raids – play your role
At the absolute most basic level raids operate with three roles; the tanks, the healers and the DPS (damage pr. second; the damage dealers). In a game like WoW the balance between these roles is critical for a raids success, but how a raid chooses to balance between them can be different depending on play style and level of progress and/or skill of the individual players.
One of the famous psychological experiments concerning the adoption of roles in the Stanford Prison Experiment which took the conformation the participants to the roles they had been given to the extreme. Interestingly you find the similar effects when it comes to players conforming to their raid roles, and this includes both their player role as well as their perceived social role. Tanks are leaders, damage dealers are superstars and the healers are the caretakers. Of course these are my own personal generalizations and when we come down to specific experiences its rarely this simple. You will find that any role can lead, the superstar is all about how ego a player boasts and anyone with a kind word and encouraging attitude can become the social glue a good raid group needs.
When you take the step deeper into the actual game play roles in a raid you will discover additional nuances; there are different tanking styles, damage dealers will be able to excel on different raid challenges and healers will differ in how they use their abilities. For a good group you need the right diversity where all the roles come together and creating a ‘well oiled machinery’. A good raid leader will be able to identify how his teams individual players perform and create tactics that match their play style.
Moving from the game to the social relations between the players you will find similar behaviors as you would in most groups. There are a multitude of descriptions of such personality types, but as an example these 7 personality types might be a place to start if you want to check how your own raid is made up; the leader, the team player, the researcher, the expert, the planner, the creative and the communicator. Optimally most of your raiders will take on more than one role, but the key to success here is to find a good balance covering several such personality types.
Behavior in raids – obeying the rules
There are rules in the game. Some of them are coded into the game and breaking them will be considered cheating and some are policies and might get you into trouble with the game company if you decide to ‘play’ with them. Then there are the ‘unwritten’ rules of the social gaming community. They are based on a certain level of consensus meaning that what might be allowed in one raid might get you kicked in another. All though nobody has taken the time to list them like ‘The Rules of Fight Club’, there are definitely a set of rules for raiding. It is more a problem of knowing exactly which interpretation or version of the rules that are active for any given raid experience. One of the positive elements of joining a raid guild or community is the fact that these rules will remain more or less the same over time, but there is also less flexibility when it comes to breaking or bending them.
I have found a few rules to be more ‘common’ than others and I have tried to make a quick list of them with a few comments as they are not always self explanatory to non-gamers:
1 – do not stand in crap
This is the rule that covers the mutual understanding that you have some idea of what this boss fight is about and that you will be able to act accordingly. This simplified version basically refers to the understanding that you should not let your avatar stand in stuff on the ground that will kill it, but is often meant more broadly and refers to having an understanding of how a certain boss fight works and that you have either already successfully mastered this or you have a decent understanding of how you might be able to.
2 – play your role
A carpenter is not a neurosurgeon, and a tank is not a healer. When signing up for a LFR you will also select a role to play and people expect you to be able to perform accordingly. When it is questionable if you are ‘playing your role’ people will most of the time ignore it, but if you blatantly take on a different role than the one you have signed up with the raid will kick you quite quickly – even if you might be able to sneak in a wipe or two first…
3 – be prepared
Directly relates to rule 1 and 2, but includes an expanded level of preparedness through having brought with you virtual goods as well as making use of add-ons and/or other 3rd party software that will enhance your ability to perform in the game.
4 – be nice
Do not be an ass, try to be friendly and polite when ever possible and avoid name-calling and abusive behavior. Even if cyber bullying is all too common these days I find that most raids have a tolerance level that only stretches so far. Emotional outbreaks will happen, but unless your actions could in any way have any positive effect you are better off rage-quitting than ‘infecting’ other raid members with your ‘social vileness’ . Same goes for handling failures and mistakes; stating the obvious will not make ‘obvious’ go away and a little kindness will always get you farther than calling someone ‘a retard’.
That last rule also seems to be the one that a random group could be more ignorant about than what you would see in a raid guild. On any account; the more rules you break the quicker you will get yourself kicked. Add to this that the more rules that are broken the more likely the raid will perform poorly it seems like a good idea to follow them.
Collaborative gamification mechanics
Active collaboration in games today have certain common game mechanics that are used to promote such user interactions. This brings us to the gamification mechanics that will allow and motivate the users to collaborate. After analyzing multiple massive online games the following list of game mechanics seem to have become a standard for MMORPGs:
Chat and communication
Live chat services in one or more channels. These channels can also contain information feeds from the game system containing real-time game data. Both types of channels stimulate users to communicate.
Frequent visits
When users have a reason to visit the game often they will be able to make these visits part of their daily routine. As long as the interactions helps the user progress in the gamified solution, or adds value to the user profile, even the most trivial tasks can become part of a users day to day activities. McGonigal refers to this as ‘blissful productivity’, Deterding as part of what creates ‘meaning’.
Connections and relations
Take the two mechanics above and add mechanics to connect with other users as part of the gamified experience. This to ensure longer collaborative efforts between users that initially have no or little contact. Such a mechanic will add a list of connections to the user profile and add ways to interact with them. Allowing for ways to differ between how a users profile relates to the other users opens for more interactivity between the users.
User interactivity
Collaboration is possible if the users can work together to achieve a common goal. A solution will allow for multiple types of such goals, both related to ideas as well as achieving certain collaborative goals. Make it valuable not only to interact with the ideas but also with the other users generates a map where a user connects with both ideas and other users as an important part of the gamified experience.
In short we want the users to communicate with each other, we want them to do it often, we want them to connect with each other and we want them to interact on a regular basis. The large MMORPGs are doing it today, but will it work in a gamified solution?
Behavior in raids – conformation
Raids and guilds are like ‘The Borg’:
From psychology this phenomena represents almost ‘magical’ properties, and I am uncertain as to how to evaluate it beyond the questions it poses. Would a low performance gamer become hardcore by joining a hardcore raid community? Would an awesome PvP-gamer totally loose his ‘mojo’ if she/he continually helps out newbies?
At the same time there is also a social aspect to it that I am much more comfortable talking about as I constantly see this when playing. The moment a group goes social in a positive way the players will immediately try to find common ground. How are we alike? With the positive attitude comes the wish to get along. And once common ground is found there is no stopping the possibilities, and I have on several occasions taken my relations out of the game and into a bar or cafe and actually met the person. Some relationships I still have and nurture and some fade into history, not unlike in real life. But once a good connection is made you will rarely loose it.
On the negative side a good social foundation might also get the same raid group wiping for hours on the same boss even if they should have accepted the fact that there is ‘no way in hell’ they are going to be able to succeed with the present team. All you need is a few blindly positive players along with some insanely hopeful loot-junkies and the conformity can convince the rest of the players to keep at it for hours. Over time I have come to accept that I can get entrapped this way as well, and I usually try to operate with a 3-wipe rule before I give up, possibly pushing it to five if I feel lucky. Problem is that with the LFR-tool in WoW you will always have someone leaving when there is a wipe, and that means you get new members that might be just the ones you need to succeed and thus making it harder to leave if the group has conformed to a certain point.
In general the consensus seems to be that we all want to have fun and we are desperately willing to conform if this makes the fun more likely to happen. Of course ‘fun’ can be different from player to player, but for most gamers these days its about mastering the ‘toon’ you have chosen, to overcome tough game challenges, to win some awesome epic items and to have some fun while doing it.
Behavior in raids – initiation rites
The first part of this series of post covered the forming of groups; both the actual raid as well as smaller groups within the raid group itself. Now that the existence of the groups is established it follows to look a little closer on some of the initiation rites I have encountered will exploring Azeroth in the World of Warcraft.
First of all the game itself has several such rites included as part of the game. It can be quests related to your class or challenges to gaining access to certain places. Most of these can be completed alone, but sometimes you need the help of a group to be able to complete such missions in the game. These are all part of your characters story and progression in the game, and they have often given me some extra satisfaction to complete. Especially the ones that in themselves can be shown off as ‘proof of skill’.
Once we leave the game world we enter into the second arena for such initiation rites. Here we find rites from game play abilities to social compatibility. From my experience the game play rites exist in two variations; those you need to go through BEFORE you gain acceptance into a group and those you face AFTER. Both have their own pro’s and con’s and can be used to test players in different ways. In short both are a kind of ‘show us what you got’, but either you are performing to gain entry or you perform to avoid getting thrown out. As the game plays out today BEFORE is mostly related to gaining access to raiding communities and AFTER to keeping your spot as part of the active raiding group.
Social rites come in many forms and may not always be obvious or even consciously enforced, but in general they are relevant for conforming with your fellow raiders. From having similar interests, same type of humor or having a similar cultural background. As mentioned earlier a silent raid seems more likely to ‘suffer’ more when ‘the going gets tough’, and even if verbal abuse might work as a tool for the leadership to keep people in order it rarely helps the raids ability to perform to have one or more individuals harassing other raid members. In short what it comes down to is if ‘the others’ feel that you fit in, and as part of deciding there are multiple different rites of initiation coming from individuals, groups or ‘clicks’. All which brings us to the next part; once you are part of ‘the tribe’ you will be ‘assimilated’.
Behavior in raids – group forming
As my Master thesis is about collaboration the behavior and success of raid activity in any given MMORPG is one of the success criteria I am trying to duplicate. The field of psychology was an interesting choice for analyzing this, and to just have an initial reference I found a simple web site describing ’10 Rules That Govern Groups’ as place to start. For game reference I have been tracking raid behavior in Word of Warcraft from 01.05.2014 to 01.07.2014.
Raids used to be events accessible only through belonging to a ‘guild’ or ‘raid community’, but at this point their creation is more diverse. The most loosely created raids at this time are a result of Word of Warcrafts ‘looking for raid’ tool that is part of the game. You sign up with a role and what raid event you want to partake in and then wait until enough players are signed up for the needed roles and then thrown into a largely random group of 25 players. Another option is for one or more individuals to gather up a group on their own by recruiting these in one of the game chat channels or some outside source (several of these exist today where OQueue and OpenRaid are good examples). Such groups are less random as the creators control the recruitment process. The groups can be generated on the fly with the goal of starting a raid even as soon as possible or they can be set up for a specific time and date, where Word of Warcraft also has a Calendar tool to help organizers set them up. And finally the old school ‘guilds’ and ‘communities’ that are preferred for facing the more challenging raiding content, and that work with the fixed team setups of 10 or 25 players.
In addition to this ‘established’ group setup I continually experience the development of smaller groups within a raid. As mentioned in an earlier post the leadership represents such a group. Roles also tend to group up (tanks, dps and healers). Finally there are situational and social groups. Situational groups are usually a result of events occurring during the raid and social groups can randomly appear and disappear as players socialize in the raid chat channel. And groups can arise from any existence of common identity.
I found that becoming part of one or more of the groups that appear during a raid event both makes the event more engaging as well as secures my position as part of the team. Due to the socially volatile behaviors certain players have it is wise to make sure you have some friends around when the rage hits the fan.
To be able to face the more difficult challenges you are wise to establish contact with more permanent groups that will often require to interact in social channels outside the game interface such as online forums, web applications and audio chat software such as Ventrilo or TeamSpeak. Most such permanent raid teams require you to submit an application for their evaluation before accepting you. This brings up the topic of ‘initiation rites’ which is the topic of my next diary post.
Does the content in your bags define how you play?
As mentioned earlier I am an altoholic, and the last week I have been roaming through my bags and reflecting a little over what I found in the and compared it to how I play with them. It would be natural to think that a toon with loads of materials is a farmer, a character with stacks of flasks and alternative non-PvP gear is a PvE gamer, and the reverse a PvP-gamer. And a character with a load of alternative costumes a roleplayer. But what I found was a little different than what I expected.
My farmers bags were usually empty, the materials were stocked in the bank of the toons that produce items. These toons are usually also the players I do PvE with, so add Flasks and gear to this. But also some PvP-gear on the toons I play most, as to grab some of the PvP-items is often a part of gearing for PvE. Add more gear to toons that handle multiple roles (tanking/healing/dps). I do not have any pure PvP-toons, so I lack this setup to have as a reference. My bank toon used to be stacked with loads of materials for levelling professions, but during a spring cleaning earlier this year I sold off most of these materials and opened up some more bank space. I also noticed that farming toons were the ones with the huge material bags to make sure there would be room for huge stacks those few times I had to take a few hours of farming.
So yeah, the content does tell me a lot about what I use my players for and often says a little about how I play them. Now this might seems very obvious, but I started to wonder if I would change the way I play my toons if the content suddenly changed. Would I try out a bit more PvP if I suddenly discovered some hard core PvP-gear in my bags? Could additional random drops add diversity to my game? I am quite certain I would try to find a use for an extremely rare type of material that was required to make an item, but at the same time I am not sure as to what extent I would actually change they way I play to accommodate the content in my bags.
Team structures for raiding
Having been actively WoW-raiding in as many different ways as has been available to me lately I have been able to gather up some data on how raid teams are structured and how they perform and behave. I have earlier mentioned the differences in performance based on active positive communication and leadership compared to those loaded with negative rants and no leadership present, and I have been looking into how team structure also affects performance as well as how a group works together.
First out; small groups are more likely to communicate more than a large one. Add voice communication and this becomes even more noticeable. The social balance in a smaller group is also more fragile, and even small negative outbursts can completely demolish a teams success rate.
So a large group will talk less, and more often you will have people chatting only to ‘hear their own voice’. For random teams leadership is only functional as long as the raid succeeds, and for someone to take leadership after a collapse, or if none is present in the first place, the support of one or two other players is all that is needed to make this happen.
Having a plan always helps. If you have players new to an encounter your best option is to present the ‘short’ version. Focusing on what makes an encounter special or different is all most players need to pull through, and learning by failing seems to be a much better option than a 15 minutes walk-through.
Having one or more ‘heroes’ on your team boosts morale and increases the chance of success for an encounter. A ‘hero’ here being a character that performs noticeably better than the rest of the team. The presence of someone that is likely to increase the teams ability to succeed has an obvious positive effect on the team performance even if the actual contribution of such a player is not critical in any way to the end results.
So what does this mean for the structure of your raiding team? Help someone lead the group – or take the lead yourself if you feel confident handling this responsibility. Get rid of negative players. Make someone your ‘hero’; the illusion of someone awesome in the team that will ensure their success works. Chat – silence is not a team builder. Have a plan and make it visible, but make it a short one. In the end this might not ensure your success, but it will sure as hell give you the best possible place to start.
Altoholics and randomness
When playing a MMORPG I am rarely able to stick to just one character. It feels like I am missing out on what the game has to offer if I do, so even before I have reached the level cap (the maximum level a character can have in the game) on my first ‘game toon’ I have created at least one more that I have tried out to make sure that the ‘toon’ I am focusing on is the right one. When starting out a game this mostly works out nicely.
But playing the same character with the same game mechanics doing the same kind of quests over and over can easily kill the joy of any game MMOPRG. And this is when ‘that other toon’ suddenly becomes a ‘game savior’ by letting me diversify my game experience by alternating a little between the different characters. This way I am able to keep the game interesting and it also lets me explore what the game has to offer in a broader sense.
Then we start ‘capping’ characters. And this is where the random element in the game starts messing things up. When I first returned to WoW (World of Warcraft) last year after a long break my plan was to avoid some of my original characters to make the game feel ‘new’. Initially this worked out quite well, but as the game progressed the altoholic in me took over and in due time all of my ‘toons’ got capped and opened up the door for ‘end gaming’ or ‘raiding’, which is also the part of the game I enjoy most. To avoid playing all of my characters at the same time I kept trying to focus on a few of them and preferably characters with focus on different ‘roles’ in the game (healer/tank/DPS). I would have preferred to make this choice myself, but this is where the random element appears and the game chooses for me. How does the game choose? Well, to be able to progress in the game and face new and more difficult raiding challenges I need to upgrade the ‘gear’ my characters have. And the ‘gear’ is randomly generated as ‘loot’ from these raid challenges and are largely out of my control. From a statistical point of view I know this is not the truth, but it feels like when I try to focus on getting certain items for a specific character I enjoy playing, they seem to have completely disappeared from the game.
When faced with this frustration over several gaming sessions in a row it is easy to pop over to one of my ‘alts’ to ‘calm down’ only to have all of the best possible items drop for this ‘toon’ without focusing on it at all. So suddenly the only character I can actually continue progressing with is a ‘side kick’ that I originally had not intended on playing that much. The randomness of loot from boss challenges has made the choice for me. And last night I was wondering if this is an intended element of the game or if this is just a random result of how certain game mechanics work together? The reason was of course that I have been trying desperately to ‘gear up’ one character and failing, when suddenly a character I have only been playing one the side ended up with some amazing gear that suddenly makes this character my best candidate for further progress in the game.
Naturally this is a situation that becomes even more prominent with the LFR (Looking for raid) tool that allows anyone to be teamed up randomly to take on ‘raid challenges’. Its easier for me to just sign up for a ‘raid event’ on any of the game characters that I play, and the ‘loot’ I might get is random. I could get loads and I could get nothing.
Gunnar Øyvin Fredrikson 